J. C. R. Licklider

J. C. R. Licklider was an American psychologist and computer scientist who championed interactive computing and networked computers. His ideas influenced early internet research and the development of time-sharing systems.

Robert Taylor: Robert Taylor was an American computer scientist who directed ARPA’s Information Processing Techniques Office and backed major networking projects. Taylor succeeded Licklider at ARPA and advanced the network vision Licklider had helped establish.
Man-Computer Symbiosis: Man-Computer Symbiosis is Licklider’s proposal for close, interactive collaboration between people and computers. This 1960 vision explains why Licklider favored responsive systems over machines limited to batch processing.
Psychoacoustics: Psychoacoustics is the study of how people perceive sound and interpret auditory signals. Licklider’s early research in this field gave him experience modeling human perception.
ARPANET: ARPANET was an early packet-switched network funded by ARPA that connected research computers beginning in 1969. It implemented a central part of the networked-computing program Licklider advocated.
Ivan Sutherland: Ivan Sutherland is an American computer scientist known for pioneering computer graphics and interactive systems. As an ARPA office director, Sutherland continued programs shaped by Licklider’s research agenda.
Time-sharing: Time-sharing lets multiple users interact with one computer by rapidly allocating processor time among them. It made interactive computing practical for many users before personal computers existed.
SAGE: SAGE was a U.S. air-defense system that used networked computers and interactive displays to track potential attacks. Its real-time displays demonstrated interactive computing before Licklider developed his broader vision.
Internet: The Internet is a global system of interconnected networks that communicate using shared protocols. Licklider’s early network vision helped prepare institutions and researchers for its development.
Wesley A. Clark: Wesley A. Clark was an American computer scientist who designed the LINC and helped develop early interactive computers. Clark’s interactive-computing work embodied the human-centered systems Licklider promoted.
Intergalactic Computer Network: The Intergalactic Computer Network was Licklider’s vision of globally connected computers sharing information and resources. His 1963 memorandum described a network whose purpose extended beyond linking a few research machines.

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