Jabriyya

Jabriyya is a label for Islamic theological positions that deny or sharply limit human agency under divine determination. The term has been applied to different views rather than one unified school.

Qadar: The Islamic doctrine of divine decree, encompassing God's knowledge and determination of events. Jabriyya positions emphasize divine determination when explaining human actions.
Jahm ibn Safwan: An early Islamic theologian associated with strong claims about divine determination and the denial of intrinsic human agency. Later writers associated the name Jabriyya with views attributed to Jahm.
Mu'tazila: A rationalist Islamic theological school that stressed divine justice and human responsibility for voluntary acts. Mu'tazilite accounts reject making God the direct author of human wrongdoing.
Divine justice: The theological question of how God's actions and judgments accord with justice. If humans lack control over their acts, divine punishment poses a problem of justice.
Free will: The capacity of agents to choose among alternatives and act on those choices. Jabriyya is defined by denying or sharply restricting this capacity.
Umayyad Caliphate: The Islamic caliphate ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. Early arguments about decree and responsibility unfolded amid Umayyad rule.
Ash'arism: A Sunni theological tradition that affirms divine creation of acts and human acquisition of them. Ash'arism combines strong divine determination with a distinct account of human responsibility.
The problem of evil: The challenge of reconciling evil and suffering with an all-powerful, all-knowing, perfectly good God. Attributing every act to divine determination sharpens questions about God's relation to evil.
Divine omnipotence: The theological claim that God possesses unlimited power over all things. The scope of God's power is central to arguments for strict determination.
Qadariyya: An early Islamic theological tendency emphasizing human responsibility and the reality of human choice. Qadariyya is commonly presented as the opposing tendency in debates over agency and decree.

Linked from 5 pages