Jacksonian democracy

Jacksonian democracy was a political movement associated with Andrew Jackson that expanded political participation among white men and opposed institutions seen as serving entrenched elites.

Second Party System: The period of intense competition between the Democratic and Whig parties from the 1820s through the 1850s. Jacksonian politics helped create the Democratic Party and provoked an organized Whig opposition.
Democratic Party (United States): A major United States political party that emerged from the Democratic-Republican Party in the 1820s. Jackson's coalition became the party's defining early force and institutional home.
Andrew Jackson: The seventh president of the United States, serving from 1829 to 1837. His political identity and presidency gave the movement its name and central symbol.
Whig Party (United States): A United States political party formed in the 1830s in opposition to Andrew Jackson and the Democrats. Whigs favored congressional leadership and economic development policies that Jacksonian Democrats often resisted.
Indian Removal Act: An 1830 federal law authorizing the removal of Indigenous peoples from lands east of the Mississippi River. Jacksonian expansion of white political power accompanied federal campaigns to dispossess Indigenous nations.
National nominating convention: A party meeting that selects candidates for national office and adopts a political platform. Conventions replaced congressional caucuses as parties mobilized broader electorates.
Election of 1824: The United States presidential election in which John Quincy Adams won after no candidate secured an electoral majority. Jackson's supporters called the House decision a corrupt bargain, mobilizing a lasting political coalition.
American System: A program of protective tariffs, a national bank, and federally supported internal improvements associated with Henry Clay. It represented the national economic planning that Jacksonian Democrats challenged.
Trail of Tears: The forced removal of Cherokee people to Indian Territory in 1838–1839, during which thousands died. It became a stark consequence of the removal policy pursued under Jackson.
Party machine: A hierarchical political organization that coordinates voters, candidates, and patronage to win elections. Jacksonian party-building relied on local organization and networks of political loyalty.

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