Jahm ibn Safwan

Jahm ibn Safwan was an eighth-century Islamic theologian associated with the Jahmiyya. He was linked to denial of eternal divine attributes, determinism, and a conception of faith centered on inward knowledge.

Divine attributes in Islam: The qualities predicated of God in Islamic theology, including knowledge, power, speech, and life. Jahm was associated with denying that God possesses eternal attributes distinct from the divine essence.
Khorasan: A historical region of Central Asia and northeastern Iran that was a major center of early Islamic political and intellectual life. Jahm’s activity and death are associated with this eastern Islamic region.
Jahd ibn Dirham: An early Islamic theologian traditionally associated with denying that God speaks and with teachings later linked to Jahm. Jahm was often described as inheriting or developing doctrines attributed to Jahd.
Islamic heresiography: The classification and description of religious groups and doctrines in Islamic literature. Heresiographers transmitted and organized many claims about Jahm and his followers.
Qadar: The Islamic doctrine of divine decree and its relation to events and human acts. Jahmiyya teachings became associated with the claim that human beings do not originate their actions.
Umayyad Caliphate: The Islamic caliphate ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 661 to 750. Jahm lived during the final decades of Umayyad rule.
Abu Hanifa: An eighth-century jurist and theologian whose legal school became one of Sunni Islam’s four major schools. Works attributed to Abu Hanifa reject positions associated with Jahmiyya on faith and divine attributes.
Ahl al-Hadith: A traditionalist tendency in early Islam that emphasized prophetic reports and resisted speculative theology. Traditionalists used Jahmiyya as a major target in disputes over scripture and divine attributes.
Iman: Faith or belief in Islam, discussed in theology through its relation to knowledge, confession, and action. Jahm’s name became linked to defining faith as inward knowledge or recognition.
Harith ibn Surayj: An eighth-century rebel leader in Khorasan who opposed Umayyad authority. Traditional accounts connect Jahm with Harith’s revolt and political circle.

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Hasan al-BasriRelated: Later theological classifications place both figures within disputes over divine power and human action.