Jallianwala Bagh massacre

The Jallianwala Bagh massacre was the killing of hundreds of unarmed people by British troops in Amritsar on 13 April 1919. Brigadier General Reginald Dyer ordered troops to fire into a crowd gathered in an enclosed garden.

Reginald Dyer: A British Indian Army officer who ordered troops to fire on the crowd at Jallianwala Bagh. As the officer in command, Dyer gave the order that began the massacre.
Indian independence movement: A broad political struggle to end British rule in India, achieved in 1947. The massacre intensified resistance within this wider movement.
Hunter Commission: A British Indian committee established in 1919 to investigate disturbances in Punjab and the Amritsar shootings. Its inquiry questioned Dyer but did not impose a criminal conviction.
Chelmsford–Montagu reforms: The 1919 Government of India reforms that expanded provincial participation while retaining British control. The massacre exposed how limited constitutional reforms could coexist with violent repression.
Jallianwala Bagh: A public garden in Amritsar, Punjab, enclosed by buildings and accessible through narrow entrances. Its walls and restricted exits trapped people as troops fired.
Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act: The official name of the 1919 legislation commonly known as the Rowlatt Act. Its extension of coercive wartime measures provoked protests before the massacre.
Rabindranath Tagore: An Indian poet, writer, and Nobel laureate who renounced his British knighthood in 1919. Tagore cited the massacre when rejecting the honor.
British Raj: The period of direct British Crown rule over India from 1858 to 1947. The massacre became a defining indictment of the Raj’s coercive power.
Rowlatt Act: A 1919 law that extended wartime emergency powers and allowed detention without trial in British India. Opposition to the law helped prompt the gathering in Amritsar.
Hartal: A form of protest involving a general shutdown of shops and work. A hartal against the Rowlatt Act preceded the violence in Amritsar.

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