James Connolly

James Connolly (1868–1916) was an Irish socialist, trade unionist, and republican who helped lead the Easter Rising and was executed by British forces.

Jim Larkin: Jim Larkin was an Irish trade union leader who founded the Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union. Connolly and Larkin organized workers together and helped found the Irish Citizen Army.
Irish socialism: Irish socialism comprises political movements seeking social ownership, economic equality, and working-class power in Ireland. Connolly helped develop a socialist tradition that joined class politics to Irish independence.
Dublin Lockout: The Dublin Lockout was a major 1913 labor dispute in which employers locked out workers who supported unionization. Connolly helped organize workers and the Irish Citizen Army during this defining labor confrontation.
Trade union: A trade union is an organization of workers formed to represent their shared interests in employment. Connolly’s organizing depended on unions as instruments of collective working-class action.
Éamon de Valera: Éamon de Valera was an Irish republican leader and politician who commanded forces during the Easter Rising. De Valera commanded a separate Rising garrison while Connolly led forces at the General Post Office.
Marxism: Marxism is a political and economic theory centered on class conflict and the transformation of capitalism. Connolly drew on Marxist analysis while adapting it to Irish conditions.
Irish Citizen Army: The Irish Citizen Army was a workers’ militia formed in Dublin in 1913 to protect labor demonstrators. Connolly helped lead this force, which later fought in the Easter Rising.
Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union: The Irish Transport and General Workers’ Union was an Irish labor union founded in 1909 by Jim Larkin. Connolly became a leading organizer in the union after Larkin left Ireland.
Patrick Pearse: Patrick Pearse was an Irish teacher, writer, and republican who proclaimed the Irish Republic in 1916. Pearse and Connolly served together on the Rising’s military leadership.
Irish nationalism: Irish nationalism is a movement for Irish political autonomy or independence and a distinct national identity. Connolly argued that national freedom required social and economic transformation.

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