James–Lange theory

The James–Lange theory proposes that emotion is the conscious perception of bodily changes triggered by a stimulus. In this account, bodily responses precede and help constitute emotional feeling.

William James: An American philosopher and psychologist whose work helped establish pragmatism and modern psychology. His 1884 essay presented the theory’s influential psychological formulation.
Cannon–Bard theory: A theory proposing that emotional experience and bodily responses occur simultaneously after a stimulus. It rejects the claim that bodily feedback must precede emotional feeling.
The Principles of Psychology: William James’s 1890 two-volume work on the foundations of psychology. It developed the arguments behind James’s account of emotion.
Sham rage: A pattern of aggressive behavior produced in animals after removing parts of the cerebral cortex. Cannon used it to challenge the claim that bodily changes alone produce normal emotional feeling.
Carl Lange: A Danish physician who independently proposed a bodily account of emotional experience in 1885. His account emphasized vascular changes as the basis of emotional feeling.
Two-factor theory of emotion: A theory that explains emotion through physiological arousal and its cognitive interpretation. It adds appraisal of context where James–Lange emphasizes perception of bodily change.
What Is an Emotion?: William James’s 1884 article proposing that bodily changes are directly felt as emotion. This essay is the theory’s canonical statement by James.
Spinal cord injury and emotion: Research on how spinal cord damage affects emotional experience and bodily sensation. Reduced bodily feedback offers a test of whether peripheral responses shape feeling.
Autonomic nervous system: The nervous system that regulates involuntary functions such as heart rate, digestion, and pupil size. Its bodily responses supply much of the feedback the theory says is felt as emotion.
Facial feedback hypothesis: The hypothesis that changes in facial expression can influence emotional experience. It tests a narrower version of the idea that bodily feedback shapes feeling.

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