Japanese occupation of the Philippines

The period from 1942 to 1945 when Japan controlled the Philippines during World War II, marked by military rule, collaboration, and resistance.

Second Philippine Republic: A Japanese-sponsored Philippine state inaugurated in 1943 under President José P. Laurel. Its government gave Japanese rule a Filipino institutional façade while operating under occupation constraints.
Battle of Bataan: A major 1942 battle in which Japanese forces captured the Bataan Peninsula from Filipino and American defenders. Its fall opened the way to occupation of the remaining major Allied stronghold on Luzon.
Japanese invasion of the Philippines: Japan’s December 1941–May 1942 military campaign to conquer the Philippines. The invasion established the military control that became the occupation.
Philippine resistance against Japan: The armed and covert opposition to Japanese rule in the Philippines during World War II. Guerrilla networks supplied intelligence and fought Japanese forces throughout the occupation.
José P. Laurel: A Filipino jurist and politician who served as president of the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic. Laurel’s presidency embodied the contested politics of governing under Japanese rule.
Kempeitai: The Imperial Japanese Army’s military police, responsible for security, intelligence, and repression. Its interrogations and arrests enforced occupation authority and terrorized suspected opponents.
Battle of Corregidor: The May 1942 Japanese assault that captured the fortified island guarding Manila Bay. Corregidor’s surrender completed Japan’s conquest of the Philippines’ principal Allied defenses.
Attack on Pearl Harbor: Japan’s surprise attack on the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The attack brought the United States into war with Japan as the Philippines faced invasion.
Liberation of the Philippines: The 1944–1945 Allied campaign that ended Japanese control of the Philippines. Liberation closed the occupation, though fighting and civilian suffering continued until Japan’s surrender.
Benigno Aquino Sr.: A Filipino politician who served as speaker of the National Assembly under the Japanese-sponsored republic. His prominent collaboration made him a focal point in postwar debates over wartime conduct.

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