Jerome Isaac Friedman

Jerome Isaac Friedman is an American experimental physicist who shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for deep-inelastic scattering experiments that revealed quarks inside protons and neutrons.

Henry W. Kendall: An American experimental physicist who shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for research on deep-inelastic electron scattering. Kendall co-led the Stanford experiments with Friedman and Richard Taylor.
Deep-inelastic scattering: A high-energy collision process in which a lepton probes the internal structure of a hadron. This was the experimental method behind Friedman’s Nobel-recognized discovery.
Proton: A positively charged subatomic particle found in atomic nuclei, composed of two up quarks and one down quark. Protons were the principal targets in the experiments Friedman helped conduct.
Quark model: A classification scheme that describes hadrons as combinations of quarks. Friedman’s experimental results gave the model strong evidence inside nucleons.
Richard E. Taylor: A Canadian-American physicist who shared the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics for experiments revealing quarks inside nucleons. Taylor was the third principal investigator in the experiments Friedman helped lead.
Electron scattering: The deflection of electrons by a target, used to investigate its electrical and spatial structure. Friedman’s work extended this general probing method to high energies and short distances.
Neutron: A neutral subatomic particle found in atomic nuclei, composed of one up quark and two down quarks. The Nobel-recognized result established quark structure in neutrons as well as protons.
Nobel Prize in Physics: An annual international award recognizing outstanding contributions to physics. Friedman shared the 1990 prize for research on deep-inelastic electron scattering.
Robert Hofstadter: An American physicist who used electron scattering to investigate the structure of atomic nuclei and nucleons. His earlier Stanford scattering work established a foundation for Friedman’s experiments.
SLAC-MIT experiment: A series of high-energy electron–proton scattering experiments conducted at SLAC in the late 1960s. These are the specific experiments that revealed pointlike constituents inside protons.

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Henry Way KendallRelated: Friedman led the MIT team whose experiments Kendall helped conduct and interpret.