Jewish exodus from the Muslim world

The mass emigration and displacement of Jewish communities from Muslim-majority countries, especially from the mid-20th century onward. It arose through varied combinations of persecution, political upheaval, economic change, and migration pressures.

1948 Arab–Israeli War: The first war between Israel and neighboring Arab states, fought from 1948 to 1949. The war intensified political tensions affecting Jewish communities across the region.
Iraqi Jews: A Jewish community with a history in Iraq extending back to antiquity. Most Iraqi Jews left in a concentrated airlift in the early 1950s.
David Ben-Gurion: Israel’s first prime minister, serving from 1948 to 1953 and again from 1955 to 1963. His government organized large-scale immigration from several countries of origin.
Jewish refugees: Jews forced or compelled to flee their homes because of persecution, conflict, or state policy. The exodus is a major part of the modern history of Jewish refugees.
Jewish Nakba: A term used by some writers for the displacement of Jews from Arab and Muslim-majority countries. Its use frames the exodus as a counterpart to Palestinian displacement, a framing others dispute.
Farhud: A 1941 pogrom against Jews in Baghdad during political unrest under British occupation. The violence marked a turning point in Iraqi Jewish insecurity before mass emigration.
Egyptian Jews: A Jewish community that lived in Egypt from antiquity through the modern era. Expulsions and emigration sharply reduced the community after 1948 and 1956.
Mossad LeAliyah Bet: A Jewish Agency organization that arranged clandestine Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine. Its operatives helped organize migration from North Africa and the Middle East.
Aliyah: Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel, and later to the State of Israel. Most displaced communities resettled in Israel, substantially changing its population.
Jewish property claims from Arab countries: Claims concerning Jewish property left behind or confiscated in Arab countries after Jewish departures. Their documentation and recognition remain central to legal and political debates.

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Palestinian right of returnCompared with: Some Israeli arguments invoke this history in debates over Palestinian refugee claims and reciprocal compensation.