Jingkang Incident

The 1126–1127 Jurchen invasion and capture of Kaifeng ended the Northern Song dynasty and led to the captivity of two Song emperors.

Jurchen conquest of the Song: The Jin dynasty’s military campaign that conquered northern China from the Song dynasty in the twelfth century. The broader conquest began with the attacks that culminated in Kaifeng’s capture.
Southern Song dynasty: The Song dynasty regime that ruled southern China from 1127 to 1279. It arose after the Northern Song’s collapse and established a new center of rule.
Wanyan Aguda: The Jurchen leader who founded the Jin dynasty and led its revolt against the Liao dynasty. His state-building created the power that later invaded Song territory.
Cai Jing: A powerful Song official whose political career became associated with factionalism and court corruption. Later accounts linked court failures before the invasion to officials such as Cai Jing.
Siege of Kaifeng (1126–1127): The Jurchen siege that captured the Song capital of Kaifeng in 1127. The siege was the decisive military episode of the incident.
Emperor Gaozong of Song: The first emperor of the Southern Song, who ruled from 1127 to 1162. He founded the surviving Song court after the northern capital fell.
Liao dynasty: A Khitan-led dynasty that ruled parts of northern China and Mongolia from 907 to 1125. The Jin emerged by overthrowing the Liao before turning against the Song.
Li Qingzhao: A Song poet whose life and writing were marked by the loss and displacement of the Jurchen conquest. Her experience shows how the political disaster disrupted elite lives and cultural worlds.
Jin dynasty: A Jurchen-led dynasty that ruled northern China from 1115 to 1234. The Jin state directed the invasion and imposed terms on the defeated Song court.
Treaty of Shaoxing: The 1142 agreement that formalized peace and a tributary relationship between the Song and Jin dynasties. It formalized the political settlement that followed the Song’s northern defeats.

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