João Goulart

João Goulart was Brazil’s president from 1961 until a military coup ousted him in 1964. His government pursued social reforms amid intense Cold War political conflict.

1964 Brazilian coup d'état: A military takeover that removed President João Goulart from power in Brazil in 1964. It ended Goulart’s presidency and established military rule.
Basic Reforms: João Goulart’s proposed program of social and economic reforms, including changes to land, education, and taxation. The program became the central focus of conflict over his presidency.
Leonel Brizola: A Brazilian politician who defended Goulart during the 1961 succession crisis and later opposed the military dictatorship. His resistance helped secure Goulart’s assumption of the presidency in 1961.
Getúlio Vargas: A Brazilian political leader who served as president from 1930 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1954. Goulart became a prominent labor politician within Vargas’s political circle.
Brazilian military dictatorship: The authoritarian government that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985. It was the regime created by the coup against Goulart.
Brazilian parliamentary crisis of 1961: The political confrontation triggered by military resistance to João Goulart’s succession to Brazil’s presidency in 1961. It shaped the constrained system in which Goulart first governed.
Ranieri Mazzilli: A Brazilian politician who briefly served as president during the 1961 succession crisis and after the 1964 coup. His temporary presidencies mark the constitutional uncertainty surrounding Goulart’s rise and removal.
Brazilian Labour Party: A Brazilian political party founded in 1945 that drew support from organized labor and Vargas’s legacy. It provided Goulart’s principal political base and presidential party.
Brazilian redemocratization: Brazil’s transition from military rule to civilian democratic government during the 1970s and 1980s. The political order following Goulart’s ouster eventually gave way to this transition.
Brazilian Constitution of 1946: Brazil’s postwar constitution, which established a democratic political system and defined presidential powers. Its rules and amendments framed the institutional conflict over Goulart’s authority.

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