John IV of Portugal

John IV was king of Portugal from 1640 to 1656 and the first monarch of the House of Braganza. His accession began Portugal’s restoration of independence from the Spanish Habsburg monarchy.

Portuguese Restoration War: The war fought between Portugal and Spain from 1640 to 1668 after Portugal restored its independence. John IV’s reign began the conflict that secured his kingdom’s separation from Spain.
Treaty of the Pyrenees: The 1659 treaty that ended the Franco-Spanish war but did not settle Spain’s conflict with Portugal. Its settlement left Spain able to continue fighting John’s successors.
Treaty of Lisbon (1668): The treaty by which Spain recognized Portugal’s independence in 1668. It confirmed the political outcome John had initiated, twelve years after his death.
Catherine of Braganza: A Portuguese princess who married Charles II of England in 1662 and became queen consort of England, Scotland, and Ireland. As John’s daughter, she carried his dynasty into a major English alliance.
Portuguese Revolution of 1640: The coup in Lisbon on 1 December 1640 that ended Habsburg rule in Portugal and proclaimed John, Duke of Braganza, king. The revolt placed John on the throne and launched the Restoration.
Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of 1642: A treaty between Portugal and England that restored diplomatic and commercial relations after the Portuguese revolt of 1640. John’s government sought English recognition and support for the restored kingdom.
Portuguese succession crisis of 1580: The dynastic crisis that followed the death of King Sebastian and led to Philip II of Spain taking Portugal’s throne. The crisis began the period of Habsburg rule that John’s restoration ended.
Afonso VI of Portugal: King of Portugal from 1656 to 1683, succeeding his father John IV. His succession continued the Braganza line, though John did not live to see his reign.
Philip IV of Spain: King of Spain from 1621 to 1665, whose rule over Portugal ended with the 1640 revolt. John’s claim to the Portuguese crown directly challenged Philip’s authority.
Portuguese Army: The land forces maintained by Portugal to defend the kingdom and conduct military campaigns. John’s government had to organize forces capable of resisting Spanish invasions.

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