John Knox

John Knox was a 16th-century Scottish Protestant reformer who helped lead Scotland’s Reformation and establish a Presbyterian church there.

Scottish Reformation: A 16th-century movement that transformed Scotland from Catholicism to Protestantism. Knox became one of its leading figures and helped secure its Protestant settlement.
Book of Discipline: A 1560 plan for organizing the reformed Church of Scotland and its schools and social support. Knox helped draft this blueprint for the Protestant church’s institutions.
John Calvin: A French theologian who led the Reformed church in Geneva and shaped Protestant theology. Knox’s time in Geneva connected his reforms with Calvin’s theology and church practice.
The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women: A 1558 polemical tract arguing that female rule was contrary to scripture and natural order. Knox’s most notorious publication attacked the legitimacy of female monarchs.
George Wishart: A Scottish Protestant preacher executed for heresy in 1546. Wishart’s preaching and execution influenced Knox’s commitment to Protestant reform.
Book of Common Order: A Reformed service book used by Scottish Protestant congregations in the 16th century. Knox’s liturgy gave congregations a shared pattern of worship.
James Stewart, Earl of Moray: A Scottish nobleman and regent who helped lead Protestant political change in the 16th century. Moray’s alliance with Knox linked Protestant preaching to government and military power.
The Monstrous Regiment of Women: A phrase used in a 1558 Protestant tract to condemn rule by women. The tract’s title crystallized Knox’s opposition to queens such as Mary Tudor and Mary Stuart.
St Andrews Castle: A coastal fortress in Fife that became a center of Protestant resistance in 1546. Knox joined the Protestant garrison there and was captured after its surrender.
Presbyterian polity: A church-governance system in which representative assemblies of elders exercise authority. Knox promoted governance through elders and assemblies rather than bishops.

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