John Macleod

John Macleod (1876–1935) was a Scottish-Canadian physiologist who shared the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of insulin.

Frederick Banting: A Canadian surgeon who shared the 1923 Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin. Banting proposed the pancreatic experiments Macleod supervised, and the two shared the Nobel Prize.
University of Aberdeen: A public research university in Aberdeen, Scotland, founded in 1495. Macleod studied medicine there and graduated in 1898.
Insulin: A peptide hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose by regulating metabolism. The hormone whose discovery brought Macleod the 1923 Nobel Prize.
Leonard Thompson: A Canadian teenager who became the first person to receive a successful insulin treatment in 1922. His treatment demonstrated the clinical promise of the insulin work Macleod supervised.
Charles Best: A Canadian medical researcher who helped isolate insulin with Frederick Banting in 1921. Best carried out the initial experiments with Banting in Macleod’s laboratory.
University of Leipzig: A public research university in Leipzig, Germany, founded in 1409. Macleod pursued postgraduate study in physiology at Leipzig.
Pancreas: An organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Macleod’s laboratory investigated how the pancreas regulates blood sugar.
Eli Lilly and Company: An American pharmaceutical company that developed large-scale insulin production in the 1920s. Industrial production helped turn the Toronto discovery into widely available treatment.
James Collip: A Canadian biochemist who helped purify insulin for therapeutic use in 1922. Collip’s purification work made the laboratory extract suitable for clinical testing.
University of Toronto: A public research university in Toronto, Ontario, founded in 1827. Macleod led physiology at Toronto when Banting approached him about insulin research.

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