John Money

John Money (1921–2006) was a New Zealand-born psychologist and sexologist who studied gender identity, sexual behavior, and gender roles, and helped establish the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic.

Milton Diamond: Milton Diamond was an American sexologist who argued that prenatal biology strongly shapes sexual development. Diamond publicly challenged Money’s account of gender identity’s malleability.
Gender role: A set of behaviors and expectations associated with being perceived as a particular gender in a society. Money used the term for the social behaviors he distinguished from biological sex.
Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic: A clinic established at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1966 to provide care and conduct research related to gender identity. Money was a leading figure in the clinic, which applied emerging theories to patient care.
Nature versus nurture: The debate over how inherited biology and environmental experience contribute to human traits. Money’s claims became a prominent test case in arguments about biological and social influences on gender.
Gender essentialism: The view that gender differences arise from fixed, inherent characteristics of males and females. Money opposed accounts that treated gender roles as determined solely by biological sex.
David Reimer: David Reimer was a Canadian man whose childhood sex reassignment became central to debates about gender development. Money treated Reimer’s case as evidence for his theory; later accounts disputed that interpretation.
Gender identity: A person’s internal sense of their own gender, which may or may not match sex assigned at birth. Money helped popularize the concept as distinct from anatomy and gender-role behavior.
Intersex medical intervention: Medical procedures intended to alter sex characteristics in people born with intersex variations. Money’s clinical approach supported early interventions intended to align anatomy and assigned gender.
Gender identity development: The processes through which a person’s sense of gender emerges and changes over time. Later research questioned Money’s confidence that early rearing could determine identity.
Sexual differentiation: The prenatal and postnatal processes through which reproductive anatomy and other sex characteristics develop. Biological research on differentiation complicated Money’s emphasis on rearing and social learning.

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