Johns Hopkins School of Medicine

The medical school of Johns Hopkins University, founded in Baltimore in 1893. It became known for integrating medical education with laboratory research and bedside clinical training.

Johns Hopkins University: A private research university in Baltimore, founded in 1876 through a bequest from Johns Hopkins. The university established the medical school and supplied its academic setting.
Scientific medicine: An approach to medicine that uses systematic observation, experimentation, and scientific knowledge to guide diagnosis and treatment. The school was built to connect laboratory science with the practice of medicine.
William H. Welch: An American physician and pathologist who became the first dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Welch organized the school's faculty and helped define its scientific emphasis.
Flexnerian reform: The movement to strengthen medical education through university affiliation, scientific instruction, and rigorous clinical training. Johns Hopkins became a prominent example of the reforms later associated with Flexner.
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine: The medical school of the University of Pennsylvania, founded in Philadelphia in 1765. Its earlier history contrasts with Johns Hopkins's late-nineteenth-century research-university model.
Johns Hopkins Hospital: A teaching hospital in Baltimore that opened in 1889 and became a center for clinical education and research. The hospital provided the clinical setting planned alongside the medical school.
Bedside teaching: Clinical instruction conducted at a patient's bedside, using direct examination and discussion of care. Osler's teaching helped make direct patient study a defining part of the curriculum.
William Stewart Halsted: An American surgeon who developed a structured surgical residency system at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Halsted's residency shaped postgraduate clinical training associated with the school.
Residency (medicine): A period of supervised postgraduate clinical training in a medical specialty. Halsted's surgical training system at Johns Hopkins helped shape the modern residency model.
Harvard Medical School: The medical school of Harvard University, founded in Boston in 1782. Its development offers a comparison with Johns Hopkins's integrated hospital-and-university structure.

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