Juan Velasco Alvarado

Juan Velasco Alvarado was a Peruvian army general who led the 1968 coup against President Fernando Belaúnde and governed Peru from 1968 until his removal in 1975.

Peruvian Agrarian Reform: A state program that transferred large estates in Peru to cooperatives and peasant communities, beginning in 1969. Velasco’s government launched the reform to dismantle the hacienda system and redistribute land.
1968 Peruvian coup d'état: The military seizure of power in Peru on October 3, 1968, which removed President Fernando Belaúnde. Velasco led the coup that brought him to power.
Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces: The name adopted by Peru’s military government after the 1968 coup, which pursued a nationalist program of structural reforms. This was the regime Velasco led and the institutional framework for his reforms.
Francisco Morales Bermúdez: A Peruvian general who succeeded Velasco as president after the 1975 military coup and governed until 1980. He removed Velasco from power and shifted the regime away from its earlier reformist course.
Peruvian Communist Party: A political party in Peru rooted in Marxist and communist traditions, with a history distinct from the country’s military governments. Velasco adopted some left-nationalist policies while keeping independent communist parties outside his state-led project.
Peruvian nationalizations: The transfer of foreign-owned and domestic enterprises in Peru into state ownership, especially under military rule after 1968. Velasco’s government took control of major industries and foreign assets to expand state economic power.
Fernando Belaúnde Terry: A Peruvian architect and politician who served as president from 1963 to 1968 and again from 1980 to 1985. Velasco’s officers ousted Belaúnde amid a dispute over an oil agreement and allegations of political weakness.
SINAMOS: Peru’s National System for Social Mobilization, created in 1971 to organize popular participation and support government reforms. The agency sought to connect communities and workers to the government’s reform program.
Edgardo Mercado Jarrín: A Peruvian military officer and diplomat who served as foreign minister and prime minister under Velasco. He was a prominent civilian-facing figure in the government’s diplomacy and political leadership.
Chilean Revolution in Liberty: The reform program of Chilean president Eduardo Frei Montalva, combining social change with democratic and Christian Democratic politics. It pursued agrarian and social reforms through elected civilian institutions rather than military rule.

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Fernando BelaúndeCompared with: Velasco overthrew Belaúnde’s first government and launched a military reform program sharply different from his approach.