Julian

Julian was Roman emperor from 361 to 363. He sought to restore traditional Roman religious practices and curb Christianity’s influence while campaigning against the Sasanian Empire.

Edict of Milan: A decree issued in 313 that granted religious toleration within the Roman Empire. Its toleration framework preceded Julian’s attempts to favor traditional cults without simply banning Christianity.
Constantine the Great: Roman emperor from 306 to 337 who supported Christianity and founded Constantinople. Julian inherited an empire transformed by Constantine’s Christian patronage.
Libanius: A Greek rhetorician and teacher whose surviving speeches and letters illuminate fourth-century Roman society. Libanius praised Julian and preserved evidence about his rule and religious program.
Battle of Strasbourg: A 357 battle in which Julian’s forces defeated an Alamannic army near Strasbourg. The victory established Julian’s military reputation while he governed Gaul.
Jovian: Roman emperor from 363 to 364 who succeeded Julian after the Persian campaign. Jovian restored Christianity’s privileged position and negotiated the retreat Julian’s army needed.
Julian's School Edict: A 362 law that barred Christian teachers from teaching classical literature unless they affirmed its pagan religious traditions. It shows how Julian tried to weaken Christianity’s cultural influence through education.
Constantius II: Roman emperor from 337 to 361 and Julian’s cousin and predecessor. Their rivalry and Constantius’s death made Julian sole emperor.
Ammianus Marcellinus: A fourth-century Roman historian whose surviving work covers Julian’s reign and campaigns. His account is a major source for Julian’s character, policies, and Persian expedition.
Julian's revolt: The 360–361 uprising in which Julian’s troops proclaimed him emperor against Constantius II. The revolt brought Julian from subordinate Caesar to sole ruler.
Treaty of 363: A peace agreement between Rome and the Sasanian Empire, concluded after Julian’s failed invasion. Its territorial concessions marked the cost of Julian’s Persian campaign.

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