Jurin's law

Jurin's law gives the equilibrium height of a liquid rising or falling in a narrow tube. The height varies inversely with tube radius and depends on surface tension, contact angle, and liquid density.

Capillary action: The movement of liquids through narrow spaces, driven by surface forces and interactions with surrounding materials. Jurin's law quantifies the equilibrium rise or depression produced by capillary action.
Meniscus: The curved surface of a liquid near a container wall or another fluid. Its curvature and wall angle determine the vertical component of surface tension.
James Jurin: An English physician and scientist who studied capillary rise and formulated the law bearing his name. His measurements connected rise height to the diameter of narrow tubes.
Porous media: Materials containing interconnected pores through which fluids can move. Pore-scale capillary pressures govern liquid uptake and retention.
Lucas–Washburn equation: A model describing how far a liquid penetrates a capillary over time under viscous resistance. It predicts transient penetration, whereas Jurin's law gives equilibrium height.
Surface tension: The energy per unit area of a liquid interface, arising from molecular forces at its surface. It pulls the meniscus into a shape that supports the liquid column.
Tube radius: The radius of a tube's circular interior, measured from its axis to its wall. Jurin's law predicts greater equilibrium height as this radius decreases.
Capillarity: The behavior of liquids in narrow spaces, shaped by surface tension and interactions with boundaries. Jurin's law emerged from experimental study of this broader phenomenon.
Soil water movement: The transport and storage of water within soil pores and between soil layers. Capillary rise helps explain upward water movement through fine soil.
Capillary depression: The lowering of a liquid level in a narrow tube when the liquid does not wet its walls. Jurin's relation also predicts a negative height when the contact angle exceeds 90 degrees.

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