Kalam

Kalam is Islamic dialectical theology: the use of reasoned argument to explain and defend doctrines of faith. Its schools differ over revelation, divine attributes, human freedom, and the limits of reason.

Tawhid: Tawhid is the Islamic doctrine of God's absolute oneness and uniqueness. Kalam arguments often seek to explain what divine unity entails.
Mu'tazila: The Mu'tazila were an Islamic theological school that emphasized divine justice and human responsibility. Their doctrines exemplify kalam’s rationalist approach to defending divine justice.
Huduth argument: The huduth argument infers a creator from the claim that the world began to exist. This cosmological proof is a classic kalam argument for God's existence.
First Fitna: The First Fitna was the first major civil war within the early Muslim community, from 656 to 661. Its political and religious divisions helped set the stage for debates over faith and authority.
Islamic philosophy: Islamic philosophy is philosophical inquiry developed in Muslim societies, often engaging Greek traditions and Islamic thought. Philosophers and theologians disputed the scope of reason and the nature of God and creation.
Aqidah: Aqidah is the body of Islamic beliefs held as matters of faith. Kalam systematizes and defends doctrines that belong to aqidah.
Ash'ari theology: Ash'ari theology is a Sunni theological tradition associated with Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari. It developed a distinct kalam synthesis of scriptural authority and rational argument.
Divine attributes in Islam: Divine attributes in Islam are qualities such as knowledge, power, and speech ascribed to God. Kalam examines how such attributes relate to divine unity and transcendence.
Kharijites: The Kharijites were early Islamic groups known for rejecting both Ali and his opponents during the First Fitna. Their disputes over grave sin and faith helped frame early theological controversies.
Islamic scholasticism: Islamic scholasticism is the systematic study and debate of Islamic doctrines through learned disciplines. Kalam became a central discipline within this broader tradition of doctrinal scholarship.

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