Kaṇāda

Kaṇāda is an ancient Indian philosopher traditionally credited with founding the Vaiśeṣika school. His attributed teachings classify reality into categories including substance, quality, and motion.

Vaiśeṣika: A classical Indian philosophical school that analyzes reality through categories such as substance, quality, and motion. Kaṇāda is traditionally regarded as the school’s founder.
Paramāṇu: An indivisible atom in classical Indian philosophical accounts of matter. Vaiśeṣika explains material objects as combinations of eternal, imperceptible atoms.
Akṣapāda Gautama: The traditional author of the Nyāya Sūtra and a foundational figure in the Nyāya school. Nyāya and Vaiśeṣika later developed close philosophical ties.
Sāṃkhya: A classical Indian philosophical school that explains experience through puruṣa and prakṛti. Its two fundamental principles differ from Vaiśeṣika’s many substances and categories.
Padārtha: A category of existence or knowable reality in Vaiśeṣika philosophy. The school organizes its account of reality around these categories.
Atomic theory in ancient India: Ancient Indian theories that explain material objects through minute, indivisible particles. Kaṇāda’s attributed system gives one influential account of atoms and composite things.
Praśastapāda: An influential Vaiśeṣika philosopher whose Padārthadharmasaṃgraha systematized the school’s doctrines. His influential exposition shaped how later thinkers understood Kaṇāda’s categories.
Advaita Vedānta: A Vedānta tradition holding that ultimate reality is nondual Brahman. Its nondual account contrasts with Vaiśeṣika’s plurality of enduring substances.
Dravya: Substance, one of the fundamental categories in Vaiśeṣika philosophy. Kaṇāda’s system treats substances as bearers of qualities and actions.
Causation in Indian philosophy: Theories in Indian philosophy explaining how causes produce effects and enduring change. Vaiśeṣika uses relations among substances, motion, and qualities to analyze production.

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