Karl Landsteiner

Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) was an Austrian-American physician and immunologist who discovered the ABO blood group system and shared the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

Alexander S. Wiener: An American immunologist who worked with Landsteiner on the Rh blood-group system. Their collaboration extended Landsteiner’s blood-group research to the Rh factor.
ABO blood group system: A classification of human blood based on A and B antigens on red blood cells and corresponding antibodies in plasma. This is the system Landsteiner identified by testing how red cells reacted with serum.
Blood transfusion: The transfer of blood or blood components into a person’s circulation. Blood-group compatibility made transfusion far safer and more reliable.
University of Vienna: A public research university founded in Vienna in 1365. Landsteiner studied medicine there and later conducted influential research in Vienna.
Rh blood group system: A blood-group system defined chiefly by the presence or absence of the RhD antigen on red blood cells. Landsteiner and Wiener identified the Rh factor in 1940, extending blood-group research.
Philip Levine: An American immunologist and serologist who helped identify the Rh factor in human blood. His work with Wiener developed the Rh discovery after Landsteiner’s pioneering studies.
Agglutination: The clumping of cells or particles caused by antibodies binding to antigens on their surfaces. Visible clumping let Landsteiner distinguish incompatible blood samples.
Blood typing: Laboratory testing that determines a person’s blood-group antigens. Typing operationalizes Landsteiner’s discovery before transfusions and other medical procedures.
Institute of Pathological Anatomy, University of Vienna: A medical research institute at the University of Vienna where Landsteiner worked in pathology. His 1901 blood-group experiments emerged from laboratory work in this setting.
Forensic serology: The use of blood and other body-fluid testing to investigate legal questions. Blood groups provided early tools for excluding or comparing individuals in forensic investigations.

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