Khartoum

Khartoum is Sudan’s capital, situated where the White Nile and Blue Nile meet. It forms part of a metropolitan area with Omdurman and Khartoum North.

Nile: The major river system of northeastern Africa, formed by tributaries including the White Nile and Blue Nile. Khartoum stands at the point where two major Nile tributaries join.
Egyptian conquest of Sudan: The nineteenth-century expansion of Egyptian rule into Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors. Egyptian rule established the political setting in which Khartoum was founded.
Siege of Khartoum: The 1884–1885 siege in which Mahdist forces captured Khartoum and killed Charles Gordon. The siege made Khartoum a defining site in the Mahdist revolt.
Government of Sudan: The national institutions that exercise executive, legislative, and judicial authority in Sudan. Khartoum has traditionally housed the central institutions of Sudanese government.
White Nile: A principal Nile tributary flowing north from the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Its meeting with the Blue Nile defines Khartoum’s southern edge.
Muhammad Ali of Egypt: The Ottoman Albanian commander who ruled Egypt and launched its expansion into Sudan in the nineteenth century. His conquest of Sudan preceded the establishment of Khartoum as a regional capital.
Mahdist War: The 1881–1899 conflict between the Mahdist state and forces seeking to restore Egyptian and British rule in Sudan. The siege and capture of Khartoum were pivotal episodes in the war.
Sudanese Civil War: The conflict that began in April 2023 between Sudan’s Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces. Fighting in the capital disrupted government, transport, and civilian life.
Blue Nile: A major Nile tributary rising at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flowing northwest into Sudan. Its meeting with the White Nile lies at Khartoum.
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: The condominium established in 1899 under which Britain and Egypt jointly administered Sudan. Khartoum became the colonial administration’s capital and governing center.

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