Khazar Khaganate

The Khazar Khaganate was a medieval Turkic empire centered north of the Caucasus, controlling parts of the Pontic-Caspian steppe and lower Volga from the seventh to tenth centuries.

Khazar dual kingship: A system in which a sacred khagan shared authority with a governing bek in the Khazar state. This division distinguished Khazar rule from many neighboring monarchies.
Western Turkic Khaganate: A Turkic empire that ruled much of Central Asia and the western steppe during the sixth and seventh centuries. Khazar power grew amid the dissolution of this broader Turkic polity.
Bulan (Khazar ruler): A Khazar ruler traditionally credited in later accounts with adopting Judaism for the ruling elite. The conversion narrative links Khazar kingship to a major religious change.
Judaism: A monotheistic religion and cultural tradition originating among the ancient Israelites. The Khazar ruling elite's reported adoption of Judaism is unusually debated.
Rus'–Byzantine relations: The changing diplomatic, commercial, and military relationship between Kyivan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The end of Khazar dominance altered the balance between these neighboring powers.
Khazar–Arab wars: A series of conflicts between the Khazars and the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, especially in the Caucasus. Repeated invasions tested Khazar control of the Caucasus frontier.
Göktürks: A Turkic people who founded the first major Turkic khaganates in Inner Asia during the sixth century. The Khazars belonged to the political world shaped by Göktürk expansion.
Obadiah (Khazar ruler): A Khazar ruler named in later Jewish accounts as a promoter of Jewish religious learning. Accounts of Obadiah describe the consolidation of Judaism at court.
Christianity: A monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Christianity was one of the major faiths practiced in and around Khazar territory.
Volga Bulgaria: A medieval state along the middle Volga, formed by Volga Bulgar communities and flourishing from the tenth century. It inherited a strategic commercial position in the Volga region after Khazar decline.

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