Khosrow II

Khosrow II ruled the Sasanian Empire from 590 to 628. His reign brought its greatest territorial expansion, followed by defeat by the Byzantine Empire and his overthrow.

Hormizd IV: Hormizd IV ruled the Sasanian Empire from 579 to 590, before being deposed and killed. His overthrow triggered the succession struggle that brought Khosrow to the throne.
Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628: The final major war between the Byzantine and Sasanian empires lasted from 602 to 628. Khosrow's invasion of Byzantine territory defined the war's early successes and eventual reversal.
Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem: The Sasanian army captured Jerusalem from the Byzantine Empire in 614 during the war of 602–628. The conquest became one of the most consequential episodes of Khosrow's expansion.
Khosrow and Shirin: Khosrow and Shirin is a Persian romance about the love of Khosrow II and the Armenian princess Shirin. The literary Khosrow became a romantic hero distinct from the historical ruler.
Bahram Chobin: Bahram Chobin was a Sasanian general who rebelled and briefly seized the throne in 590. His revolt forced Khosrow to seek Byzantine military support.
Battle of Nineveh (627): The Battle of Nineveh in 627 was a Byzantine victory over Sasanian forces under Khosrow II. This defeat accelerated the political crisis that ended his reign.
Sasanian conquest of Egypt: The Sasanian Empire conquered Byzantine Egypt in the early seventh century, holding it until Byzantine recovery. Egypt's loss marked the farthest reach of Khosrow's western conquests.
Nizami Ganjavi: Nizami Ganjavi was a twelfth-century Persian poet best known for narrative poems including Khosrow and Shirin. His poem helped shape Khosrow's lasting literary image.
Maurice (emperor): Maurice ruled the Byzantine Empire from 582 to 602 and supported Khosrow's restoration. Their alliance began Khosrow's rule and shaped relations between the empires.
Heraclius: Heraclius ruled the Byzantine Empire from 610 to 641 and led its counteroffensive against Persia. His campaigns turned Khosrow's conquests into a costly strategic defeat.

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