Kingdom of Iraq

The Hashemite monarchy established in Iraq in 1921 under British mandate influence and ended by a military coup in 1958.

Iraqi revolt of 1920: A widespread uprising against British rule in Iraq that began in 1920 and helped prompt changes in British policy. The revolt pushed Britain toward indirect rule through an Iraqi monarchy.
Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930: A treaty that ended the British mandate in Iraq and established a formal alliance between Britain and Iraq. It set terms for independence while preserving British military access and strategic influence.
Abdullah I of Jordan: The first king of Jordan and a leading Hashemite prince who helped shape British plans for the post-Ottoman Arab world. His brother Faisal’s Iraqi kingship reflected the family’s wider regional ambitions.
Anglo-Iraqi War: The 1941 conflict in which British forces defeated an Iraqi government led by Rashid Ali al-Gaylani. The British intervention restored the regency and deepened resentment of foreign control.
Kingdom of Syria: A short-lived Arab kingdom ruled by Faisal in Damascus from 1920 until French forces expelled him. Faisal’s brief Syrian rule preceded his selection as king of Iraq under British auspices.
British Mandate for Mesopotamia: The League of Nations mandate that authorized British administration of Iraq after the First World War. Britain shaped the new state’s institutions while formally preparing it for independence.
Iraqi Constitution of 1925: The constitution that established Iraq as a hereditary constitutional monarchy with a parliament and a king. It defined the legal structure through which the Hashemite monarchy governed.
Ghazi of Iraq: The second king of Iraq, who reigned from 1933 until his death in 1939. His short reign exposed tensions between royal authority, nationalists, and British influence.
Baghdad Pact: A 1955 mutual security alliance among Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Iraq’s membership tied the monarchy to a Western-led Cold War alliance opposed by many Iraqis.
Mandatory Palestine: The League of Nations mandate administered by Britain in Palestine from 1920 to 1948. Unlike Iraq, Palestine did not become an independent state under a Hashemite monarch.

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