Kingdom of Kandy

The Kingdom of Kandy was an independent Sinhalese state centered in Sri Lanka’s central highlands. It resisted Portuguese and Dutch expansion before Britain annexed it in 1815.

Kotte Kingdom: A Sinhala kingdom based near present-day Colombo that dominated much of southwestern Sri Lanka before its fragmentation in the sixteenth century. Kandy rose as Kotte weakened and divided under Portuguese pressure.
Kandyan–Portuguese War: A series of conflicts between the Kingdom of Kandy and Portuguese forces in Sri Lanka from the sixteenth to seventeenth centuries. The war tested Kandy’s defenses and helped prevent Portuguese conquest of the highlands.
Sri Vikrama Rajasinha: The last king of Kandy, deposed by the British in 1815 and exiled to India. His deposition ended the kingdom’s monarchy and preceded annexation.
Uva Rebellion: An 1817–1818 uprising against British rule in the former Kandyan territories of Sri Lanka. It was the major armed challenge to British authority after annexation.
Battle of Randeniwela: A 1630 battle in which Kandyan forces defeated a Portuguese expedition in Sri Lanka. The victory demonstrated Kandy’s capacity to defeat a major Portuguese invasion.
Sitawaka Kingdom: A sixteenth-century Sinhala kingdom that challenged Portuguese power and rival Sinhala rulers in southwestern Sri Lanka. Its conflicts with Kandy and the Portuguese shaped the island’s fragmented politics.
Kandyan–Dutch War: A series of conflicts between the Kingdom of Kandy and the Dutch East India Company in Sri Lanka during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Kandy resisted Dutch control of the coastal territories it sought to recover.
Ehelepola Nilame: A Kandyan chief whose conflict with King Sri Vikrama Rajasinha contributed to British intervention in 1815. His defection and appeal to the British weakened the king’s political position.
British Ceylon: The colonial administration through which Britain governed Sri Lanka from 1815 until independence in 1948. Annexing Kandy brought the island’s last independent kingdom under British rule.
Battle of Gannoruwa: A 1638 battle in which Kandyan forces defeated a Portuguese army near Kandy. The defeat helped end Portugal’s attempt to conquer the central kingdom.

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