Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign state occupying most of the Arabian Peninsula. Founded in 1932, it is a hereditary monarchy ruled by the House of Saud.

House of Saud: The ruling royal family of Saudi Arabia, which founded the modern kingdom and supplies its monarchs. The dynasty holds the throne and anchors the kingdom’s political system.
First Saudi State: An emirate founded in central Arabia in 1744 through an alliance between Muhammad ibn Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. It established an earlier Saudi polity and a political-religious alliance later echoed by the kingdom.
Saudi Vision 2030: A national strategy launched in 2016 to diversify Saudi Arabia’s economy and reshape public life. It is the central framework for reducing dependence on oil and expanding new sectors.
Constitutional monarchy: A monarchy in which a constitution limits the sovereign’s powers and assigns governing authority to representative institutions. Saudi Arabia’s monarch exercises authority under a different constitutional arrangement.
Saudi oil industry: The extraction, processing, and export of petroleum in Saudi Arabia, developed rapidly after commercial discoveries in 1938. Oil transformed the kingdom’s finances, infrastructure, and international influence.
Basic Law of Saudi Arabia: A 1992 charter defining Saudi Arabia’s system of government and its foundational principles. It sets out the state’s institutions and the monarch’s governing framework.
Second Saudi State: A Saudi emirate centered on Riyadh from 1824 until its conquest by the Rashidi dynasty in 1891. Its rise and collapse preceded the campaign that created the modern state.
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries: An intergovernmental organization coordinating petroleum policies among its member states. Saudi Arabia’s production decisions give it major influence within the organization.
Absolute monarchy: A form of government in which a monarch holds extensive governing authority without binding constitutional limits. The label invites comparison, but Saudi Arabia’s Basic Law and institutions complicate simple classification.
Saudi Arabian National Guard: A military force responsible for internal security and protecting the ruling monarchy in Saudi Arabia. Its separate structure reflects the kingdom’s distinctive approach to regime security.

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