Kingdom of Tungning

The Kingdom of Tungning was a Zheng family state in southwestern Taiwan from 1661 to 1683. Founded by Zheng Chenggong, it maintained a Ming loyalist government after the dynasty’s fall.

Zheng Chenggong: A Ming loyalist military leader who founded the Zheng regime in Taiwan after the Qing conquest of China. He captured Taiwan and established the state in 1661.
Ming dynasty: A Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 1368 to 1644, when the Qing conquest ended its rule over most of China. The Zheng regime claimed legitimacy as a continuation of Ming loyalist resistance.
Ming loyalism: Political allegiance to the Ming dynasty after its overthrow, expressed through resistance to Qing rule. Tungning presented itself as a base for restoring Ming rule.
Battle of Penghu: The 1683 naval battle in which Qing forces defeated the Zheng fleet near the Penghu Islands. The defeat opened the way for Qing forces to compel Tungning’s surrender.
Fort Zeelandia: A Dutch East India Company fortress in southwestern Taiwan, surrendered to Zheng Chenggong in 1662. Its siege and capture ended Dutch rule and secured the regime’s base.
Fall of the Ming dynasty: The collapse of Ming imperial rule in China during the mid-seventeenth century amid rebellion and Qing conquest. Its collapse displaced Zheng Chenggong’s cause from mainland China to Taiwan.
Zheng family: A maritime and military family whose leaders controlled a powerful network of ports, ships, and armed forces in East Asia. Its family leadership and maritime power sustained Tungning’s government.
Conquest of Taiwan by the Qing dynasty: The Qing military campaign that ended Zheng rule and incorporated Taiwan into the Qing empire in 1683. It ended the independent Zheng state and initiated Qing administration of Taiwan.
Tainan: A city in southwestern Taiwan that was the island’s principal political center under Dutch and Zheng rule. The Zheng government established its capital in the area around present-day Tainan.
Dutch Formosa: The Dutch East India Company’s colonial administration in southwestern Taiwan from 1624 to 1662. The Zheng forces seized the territory that had formed the Dutch colony.

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