Kolkhoz

A kolkhoz was a collective farm in the Soviet Union, where members pooled agricultural production under collective ownership and state direction.

Collectivization in the Soviet Union: The Soviet campaign that consolidated individual farms into collective and state farms. Collectivization created kolkhozy on a vast scale, often through coercion and dispossession.
New Economic Policy: The Soviet economic policy of the 1920s that allowed limited private trade and small-scale farming. Its mixed economy preceded the drive to replace peasant farms with kolkhozy.
Sovkhoz: A Soviet state farm whose workers received wages and whose land and production belonged to the state. Unlike a kolkhoz, a sovkhoz employed workers directly and was state-owned.
Soviet famine of 1932–1933: A famine across several Soviet regions in 1932–1933 that killed millions of people. Kolkhoz production and state grain extraction formed part of the famine's wider policy setting.
Collectivization in Kazakhstan: The forced reorganization of Kazakh pastoral and agricultural life into Soviet collective farms in the late 1920s and 1930s. Sedentarization and livestock requisitions made collectivization there distinctively destructive.
Kolkoz Charter of 1935: The Soviet standard charter that defined kolkhoz governance, membership, and household plots. It formalized how collective farms were organized and what members could retain privately.
Joseph Stalin: The Soviet leader who ruled from the late 1920s until 1953 and directed forced collectivization. Stalin's government made collective farming a central instrument of agricultural policy.
Individual peasant farming in the Soviet Union: Small-scale farming by households that retained control of their land and produce before collectivization. Kolkhozy replaced or absorbed this form of agricultural production.
Second serfdom: A term used for severe restrictions on Soviet collective farmers' mobility and obligations to the state. Limited access to internal passports made leaving kolkhozy difficult for many members.
Collectivization in Ukraine: The Soviet campaign that consolidated Ukrainian farms and imposed collective production in the late 1920s and 1930s. Ukraine's kolkhozy faced intense grain procurement during the famine of 1932–1933.

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