Emperor Kōmei

Emperor Kōmei was Japan’s 121st emperor, reigning from 1846 until his death in 1867 as the Tokugawa shogunate faced foreign pressure and domestic unrest.

Emperor Ninkō: Emperor Ninkō was Japan’s 120th emperor, reigning from 1817 until his death in 1846. Kōmei succeeded his father, inheriting a court with limited political power under Tokugawa rule.
Sonnō jōi: Sonnō jōi was a political slogan advocating reverence for the emperor and expulsion of foreign influence. Kōmei’s opposition to foreign treaties gave the slogan force among activists and court factions.
Perry Expedition: The Perry Expedition was a United States naval mission that compelled Japan to open ports to American ships in 1854. Its arrival intensified the foreign-policy crisis that Kōmei opposed.
Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance: The Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance was a 1866 military and political partnership between two powerful Japanese domains. The alliance helped organize the forces that would overthrow the shogunate after Kōmei’s death.
Empress Eishō: Empress Eishō was a consort of Emperor Kōmei and the mother of Emperor Meiji. Her marriage to Kōmei connected the imperial household to the future Meiji succession.
Ansei Treaties: The Ansei Treaties were agreements Japan concluded with the United States and several European powers in 1858. Kōmei resisted these treaties, exposing conflict between imperial approval and shogunal diplomacy.
Sakurada-mon Incident: The Sakurada-mon Incident was the 1860 assassination of chief elder Ii Naosuke by anti-shogunate samurai. The killing followed political repression connected to treaty disputes Kōmei had resisted.
Boshin War: The Boshin War was the 1868–1869 civil war between imperial forces and supporters of the Tokugawa shogunate. The conflict followed Kōmei’s reign and asserted the authority of his successor’s government.
Emperor Meiji: Emperor Meiji was Japan’s 122nd emperor, whose reign began in 1867 and accompanied the Meiji Restoration. Kōmei’s son inherited the throne after his father’s death.
Imperial Order to Expel the Barbarians: The Imperial Order to Expel the Barbarians was an 1863 decree calling for the removal of foreigners from Japan. Issued under Kōmei’s authority, the decree gave anti-foreign policy a direct imperial mandate.

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