Korea under Japanese rule

The period from 1910 to 1945 when Japan annexed Korea and governed it as a colony, imposing political control while reshaping its economy, society, and culture.

Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910: The agreement through which Japan formally annexed Korea in 1910. It provided the formal basis for the colonial government’s claim to sovereignty.
March 1st Movement: A nationwide Korean independence protest movement that began on March 1, 1919, and was met with colonial repression. Its scale forced Japan to reconsider direct military rule without ending colonial control.
Yu Gwan-sun: A Korean independence activist associated with the March 1st Movement who died in Japanese imprisonment in 1920. Her participation became a lasting symbol of youth-led resistance and colonial repression.
Korean diaspora: Communities of Korean origin living outside the Korean Peninsula, formed through migration, exile, and displacement. Colonial-era migration and political exile helped expand Korean communities abroad.
Military rule: The early phase of Japanese colonial governance in Korea, marked by direct military authority and severe restrictions. It contrasts with the more indirect public style adopted after 1919.
Government-General of Chōsen: Japan’s colonial administration in Korea, established after annexation and headed by a governor-general. This institution concentrated civil and military authority over the colony.
Korean Provisional Government: An exile government established in Shanghai in 1919 to represent Korean independence and organize resistance. It gave the independence movement an institutional center outside colonial Korea.
Kim Gu: A Korean independence leader who headed the Korean Provisional Government during much of its exile. His leadership connected nationalist organizing abroad with plans for liberation.
Korean division: The post-1945 separation of Korea into rival northern and southern states. Liberation ended Japanese rule, but occupation zones and Cold War conflict divided the peninsula.
Cultural rule: The post-1919 phase of Japanese colonial policy that relaxed some controls while retaining political domination. Compared with military rule, it permitted limited public activity while maintaining imperial control.

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