Kościuszko Uprising

The 1794 armed revolt in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth against Russian and Prussian control, led by Tadeusz Kościuszko. It was defeated and followed by the Commonwealth’s final partition.

Act of Insurrection: The 1794 proclamation that established the uprising’s provisional authorities and stated its political aims. Kościuszko issued it at Kraków on 24 March to launch the revolt.
First Partition of Poland: The 1772 division of Commonwealth territory by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It began the territorial losses that insurgents sought to reverse.
Tadeusz Kościuszko: A Polish–Lithuanian military engineer and commander who led the 1794 uprising. He organized the insurrection and served as its supreme commander.
Third Partition of Poland: The 1795 division of the remaining Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth by Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It followed the uprising’s collapse and removed the Commonwealth from the map.
Battle of Racławice: A 1794 battle in which Polish forces defeated a Russian force near Racławice. Its early victory raised support for the uprising, though it did not secure Kraków.
Four-Year Sejm: The Polish–Lithuanian parliament that met from 1788 to 1792 and enacted major reforms. Its reforms shaped the political aims later proclaimed during the uprising.
Józef Zajączek: A Polish general who commanded forces during the Kościuszko Uprising and later served France. He led insurgent troops in several campaigns, including the defense of Warsaw.
Polish Legions in Italy: Polish military units formed in Italy in 1797 to fight alongside France. Some veterans of the uprising continued the struggle for Polish independence abroad.
Warsaw Uprising of 1794: An April 1794 revolt in Warsaw that expelled the Russian garrison from the city. The urban revolt widened the campaign beyond Kościuszko’s initial forces.
Constitution of 3 May 1791: A constitution that reformed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth’s government in 1791. Russian intervention against the reform settlement intensified the crisis preceding revolt.

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