Kyoto Protocol

An international treaty under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change that set binding greenhouse-gas reduction targets for participating industrialized countries.

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: A 1992 treaty establishing the international framework for cooperation on climate change. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted under this convention and advanced its commitments.
Rio Earth Summit: The 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro. Its adoption of the climate convention created the treaty framework Kyoto later strengthened.
Doha Amendment: A 2012 amendment establishing a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. It extended binding commitments for a limited group of parties through 2020.
Copenhagen Accord: A 2009 political agreement recognizing voluntary national pledges to limit global warming. It relied on pledged actions rather than Kyoto-style binding targets for industrialized countries.
Greenhouse gas emissions accounting: Methods for estimating and reporting emissions of gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect. National inventories provided the accounting basis for measuring Kyoto targets.
Berlin Mandate: A 1995 decision launching negotiations on stronger climate commitments for industrialized countries. It directed convention parties to negotiate the protocol's binding targets.
Paris Agreement: A 2015 climate treaty in which countries submit nationally determined emissions-reduction plans. It replaced Kyoto's differentiated target model with commitments from nearly all countries.
Montreal Protocol: A 1987 treaty phasing out substances that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. Its near-universal controls and enforcement record provide a contrast to Kyoto's limited participation.
International emissions trading: A system allowing countries or regulated entities to trade allowances representing permitted emissions. The protocol allowed participating countries to trade assigned emission units.
Kyoto: A Japanese city that hosted the 1997 conference where the climate protocol was adopted. The city gave the treaty its name and hosted its adoption conference.

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