Lactic acid

Lactic acid is a three-carbon organic acid with formula C₃H₆O₃. It occurs in two mirror-image forms and is produced by fermentation and cellular metabolism.

Lactate: Lactate is the negatively charged form of lactic acid, predominant in biological fluids near neutral pH. At physiological pH, lactic acid largely exists in this ionized form.
Yogurt: Yogurt is a fermented milk product made when bacterial cultures acidify milk. Bacterial lactic acid production gives yogurt its acidity and helps set its texture.
Alpha hydroxy acid: An alpha hydroxy acid is an organic acid whose hydroxyl group is attached to the carbon next to its carboxyl group. Lactic acid is a simple member of this structural family.
Citric acid: Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits and central to the citric acid cycle. Unlike lactic acid, it has three carboxyl groups and is not the product of lactate fermentation.
Cori cycle: The Cori cycle transfers lactate from working muscle to the liver, where it can be converted back into glucose. It describes one major route for recycling lactate produced during intense activity.
Lactic acid fermentation: Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic pathway that regenerates NAD⁺ by reducing pyruvate to lactate. This pathway produces lactate when cells or microbes ferment sugars.
Sourdough: Sourdough is leavened bread made with a culture of yeasts and lactic acid bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria contribute acidity and characteristic flavor to sourdough.
Carboxylic acid: A carboxylic acid is an organic compound containing a carboxyl group, written –COOH. Lactic acid's carboxyl group gives it acidic behavior.
Acetic acid: Acetic acid is a two-carbon carboxylic acid and the characteristic acid in vinegar. It is another fermentation-associated acid, but has a different structure and microbial production route.
Lactate shuttle: The lactate shuttle is the transfer and use of lactate as a fuel among cells and tissues. It shows that lactate can be transported and oxidized, not merely discarded as waste.

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