Lake Biwa

Lake Biwa is Japan’s largest freshwater lake, in Shiga Prefecture northeast of Kyoto. It is an ancient lake that supplies water to nearby cities and supports distinctive endemic species.

Shiga Prefecture: A prefecture in central Japan, bordering Kyoto Prefecture and surrounding Lake Biwa. Lake Biwa lies almost entirely within Shiga, shaping the prefecture’s geography and economy.
Thermal stratification: The formation of distinct water layers with different temperatures and densities. Seasonal stratification limits mixing between Lake Biwa’s surface and deep waters.
Lake Biwa–Yodo River system: The connected drainage route carrying water from Lake Biwa through the Yodo River to Osaka Bay. The lake’s outflow supplies downstream communities and forms part of a major regional water system.
Lake Biwa giant catfish: A large catfish endemic to Lake Biwa and nearby connected waters. This native predator is one of the lake’s most recognizable endemic animals.
Eight Views of Ōmi: A set of celebrated scenic views around Lake Biwa, inspired by the Eight Views of Xiaoxiang in China. The views turned the lake’s landscapes into a lasting subject of art and poetry.
Ancient lake: A lake that has persisted for hundreds of thousands of years or longer. Its exceptional age helps explain Lake Biwa’s distinctive evolution and endemic life.
Lake turnover: The seasonal mixing of lake water as temperature differences between layers weaken. Winter turnover redistributes oxygen and nutrients through Lake Biwa’s water column.
Lake Biwa water crisis: A severe 1977 algal bloom in Lake Biwa that disrupted water supplies and prompted public concern. The crisis demonstrated how lake pollution could affect millions of water users.
Biwa trout: A salmonid fish native to Lake Biwa and prized in regional fisheries. Its life history and local value illustrate the lake’s distinctive native fish fauna.
Biwako Hall: A performing arts center in Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture, named for Lake Biwa. Its name reflects the lake’s role as a regional landmark and source of identity.

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