Lamination

Lamination is the process of bonding two or more layers of material into a composite structure. The layers may be joined with heat, pressure, adhesives, or combinations of these.

Adhesive bonding: Adhesive bonding joins surfaces using a substance that hardens or remains tacky between them. Adhesives bond layers when heat-and-pressure methods are unsuitable or insufficient.
Laminated glass: Laminated glass consists of glass sheets bonded by a polymer interlayer. Its interlayer holds fragments together if the glass breaks.
Composite material: A composite material combines distinct constituents to achieve properties unlike those of its individual components. Laminates are composites whose properties depend on the arrangement of their layers.
Coating: A coating is a layer applied to a surface to protect it or alter its properties. Unlike lamination, coating usually adds material to a surface without bonding separate sheets together.
Hot pressing: Hot pressing consolidates materials by applying heat and pressure simultaneously. Heat and pressure can soften layers and promote bonding during lamination.
Plywood: Plywood is an engineered wood panel made from thin veneers bonded in alternating grain directions. Its cross-layered construction is a familiar structural use of lamination.
Anisotropy: Anisotropy is the dependence of a material's properties on direction. Layer orientation often makes a laminate stronger in some directions than others.
Cladding: Cladding is a bonded outer layer that protects or changes the surface properties of a base material. Cladding joins dissimilar materials but typically emphasizes a surface layer rather than a layered stack.
Autoclave: An autoclave is a sealed vessel that uses controlled heat and pressure to process materials. Composite laminates are often cured under carefully controlled autoclave conditions.
Fiber-reinforced polymer: Fiber-reinforced polymer is a composite in which fibers strengthen a polymer matrix. Layered fiber reinforcements are laminated to make strong, lightweight structures.

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