Late Devonian

The final epoch of the Devonian Period, spanning roughly 383 to 359 million years ago. It included major reef collapses and extinction pulses before the Carboniferous began.

Frasnian: The first stage of the Late Devonian, lasting from about 383 to 372 million years ago. Its end marks the start of the first major Late Devonian extinction pulse.
Ocean anoxia: A condition in which seawater contains too little dissolved oxygen to sustain most aerobic organisms. Anoxic waters spread across marine basins during several Late Devonian crises.
Devonian: A geological period from about 419 to 359 million years ago, between the Silurian and Carboniferous. The Late Devonian is the final epoch within this period.
Late Devonian extinction: A series of extinction pulses during the Late Devonian that eliminated many marine species. It summarizes the epoch's repeated biodiversity losses rather than a single brief event.
Famennian: The final stage of the Devonian, lasting from about 372 to 359 million years ago. It followed the Frasnian–Famennian extinction and ended with the Devonian Period.
Euxinia: An aquatic condition in which oxygen-poor water contains hydrogen sulfide. Evidence of euxinic waters helps explain marine life losses during extinction pulses.
Paleozoic: The geological era spanning about 539 to 252 million years ago, before the Mesozoic. The Devonian and its final epoch belong to this era.
Placoderm: An extinct group of armored jawed fishes that flourished during the Devonian. Placoderms were among the groups heavily affected by the end-Devonian crisis.
Frasnian–Famennian extinction: A major extinction pulse at the boundary between the Frasnian and Famennian stages. It devastated marine ecosystems near the midpoint of this epoch.
Late Devonian cooling: A long-term cooling trend during the Late Devonian, associated with glaciation and falling sea levels. Cooling altered habitats and sea levels during the epoch's ecological upheavals.

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