Lend-Lease

The 1941–1945 US program supplying Allied nations with weapons, food, and raw materials on loan terms during World War II.

Neutrality Acts: US laws of the 1930s banning arms sales and loans to nations at war. The legal constraints Lend-Lease was designed to circumvent without formal US entry into the war.
Reverse Lend-Lease: Reciprocal aid from Allies to the US, including British raw materials and US troop bases abroad. The repayment mechanism that let the program be called a loan while functioning as an exchange.
American aid to the Soviet Union: Over $11 billion in trucks, aircraft, food, and locomotives shipped to the USSR from 1941 to 1945. The largest single Lend-Lease effort, supplying the Red Army's logistics through Persian and Arctic routes.
Anglo-American Loan of 1946: The $3.75 billion US loan to Britain agreed after Lend-Lease ended, on commercial terms. Britain's stopgap when Lend-Lease cutoff forced it to borrow commercially at great cost.
Franklin D. Roosevelt: US president 1933–1945, who designed and championed the Lend-Lease framework. He sold the 'garden hose' analogy to the public and personally set recipient priorities.
Cash and carry: The 1937–1939 policy letting belligerents buy US goods only with cash and their own ships. Its collapse as Britain ran out of dollars created the immediate problem Lend-Lease solved.
Lend-Lease Act: The March 1941 statute (Public Law 177) authorizing the president to lend defense articles to any nation vital to US security. The legal instrument itself, defining the president's sweeping discretion over recipients and terms.
Arctic convoys: Allied shipping runs to Murmansk and Archangelsk that carried Lend-Lease goods at heavy cost. The most dangerous delivery route, where losses to U-boats and weather shaped Allied strategy.
Bretton Woods system: The 1944 monetary order fixing exchange rates around the US dollar. Wartime economic cooperation under Lend-Lease set the stage for postwar monetary planning.
Edward Stettinius Jr.: American industrialist and administrator who ran the Lend-Lease program from 1942. As administrator he managed the vast logistics of allocating American production among Allies.

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