Lennox–Gastaut syndrome

Lennox–Gastaut syndrome is a severe epilepsy syndrome that usually begins in childhood and features multiple seizure types, cognitive impairment, and slow spike-and-wave patterns on electroencephalography.

Atonic seizure: A seizure involving sudden loss of muscle tone, sometimes causing a fall. These drop attacks are a characteristic and often injurious seizure type in the syndrome.
Electroencephalography: A method that records electrical activity from the brain using electrodes placed on the scalp or elsewhere. EEG helps identify the characteristic patterns used to support diagnosis.
William G. Lennox: An American neurologist and epileptologist known for research on epilepsy and electroencephalography. Lennox’s clinical work helped establish the syndrome’s historical foundations.
Intellectual disability: A condition involving significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior that begin during development. Cognitive impairment is common and can require continuing educational and practical support.
Genetic testing: Laboratory analysis of DNA to identify genetic variants associated with a trait or disorder. Testing can uncover a cause in some cases and may guide care or family counseling.
Tonic seizure: A seizure marked by sustained muscle stiffening, often with impaired awareness. Tonic seizures, especially during sleep, are common in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome.
Video-EEG monitoring: A diagnostic technique that records video and electroencephalography simultaneously to characterize events. It can distinguish epileptic seizures from other events and classify seizure types.
Henri Gastaut: A French neurologist and epileptologist who contributed to the classification of epilepsy syndromes. Gastaut helped characterize the syndrome as a distinct childhood epilepsy.
Drug-resistant epilepsy: Epilepsy in which appropriately chosen and used antiseizure treatments fail to achieve sustained seizure freedom. Seizures in Lennox–Gastaut syndrome often persist despite multiple appropriate treatments.
SCN1A: A gene that encodes the alpha subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.1. Variants in SCN1A are among the genetic findings associated with some cases.

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