Liber Abaci

Liber Abaci is Leonardo of Pisa’s 1202 mathematical treatise on Hindu-Arabic numerals and practical arithmetic. It presents calculation methods and problems for commerce, measurement, and exchange.

Hindu-Arabic numeral system: The decimal positional numeral system using the digits 0 through 9, transmitted to Europe through Arabic-language scholarship. The book explains how these numerals represent quantities and support written calculation.
Multiplication: The arithmetic operation of combining equal groups, represented by repeated addition or scaling. The book gives written techniques for multiplying numbers expressed in positional notation.
Leonardo of Pisa: A medieval Italian mathematician, also known as Fibonacci, who wrote Liber Abaci in 1202. He composed the treatise and framed its methods for European readers.
Medieval commerce: The exchange of goods and services through markets, trade routes, and credit in the medieval period. Commercial transactions supply many of the book's practical arithmetic problems.
Fibonacci: The name by which Leonardo of Pisa is commonly known, derived from a later account of his family. The popular name links the book's author to its best-known mathematical problem.
Zero: The number representing no quantity and the digit marking an empty place in positional notation. Its role as a place marker is central to the numeral system taught in the book.
Long division: A stepwise algorithm for dividing multidigit numbers and finding quotient and remainder. Its procedures show how positional numerals make complex division manageable on paper.
Al-Khwarizmi: A ninth-century Persian mathematician whose works shaped arithmetic and algebra in the Islamic world and beyond. Latin translations of works attributed to him helped transmit Hindu-Arabic calculation methods westward.
Currency exchange: The conversion of money from one currency or denomination into another at an established rate. The treatise shows how calculation could resolve exchanges among currencies and units.
Abacus schools: Medieval Italian schools that taught commercial arithmetic and calculation, often using Hindu-Arabic numerals. Such schools extended the kind of practical mathematical training exemplified by the treatise.

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