Libertarianism

Libertarianism is the philosophical view that human beings have free will and that determinism is false. It holds that at least some choices are not wholly determined by prior events.

Agent causation: The view that agents themselves can cause actions, rather than actions being caused solely by prior events. It offers a prominent account of how libertarian freedom can produce actions.
Compatibilism: The view that free will and moral responsibility can coexist with determinism. It accepts the possibility of freedom while rejecting libertarianism’s anti-determinism.
Determinism: The thesis that the past and laws of nature fix every future event. Libertarianism rejects this thesis as incompatible with genuine free choice.
Epicurus: An ancient Greek philosopher whose atomism included a small deviation in atomic motion, often linked to freedom. His atomic swerve is an early attempt to make room for undetermined action.
Event-causal libertarianism: A libertarian theory in which indeterministic events within an agent’s deliberation help cause choices. It explains free choice through indeterministic mental events rather than a special agent cause.
Hard determinism: The view that determinism is true and that free will, in the relevant sense, does not exist. It denies both the indeterminism and freedom that libertarianism affirms.
Moral responsibility: The status of an agent as deserving praise, blame, or another response for an action. Libertarian accounts often treat free choice as necessary for responsibility.
Augustine of Hippo: A Christian theologian whose writings addressed free choice, evil, and divine foreknowledge. His work helped frame the problem of reconciling human choice with divine knowledge.
Noncausal theory of action: A theory that treats some intentional actions as not caused by prior events, while still attributable to agents. It makes free action possible by denying that every action needs an event cause.
Hard incompatibilism: The view that free will is impossible whether determinism is true or false. It rejects libertarianism’s claim that indeterminism can secure free will.

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