Libyan Civil War

A conflict that followed the 2011 uprising against Muammar Gaddafi and divided Libya among rival authorities and armed groups.

2011 Libyan uprising: A popular revolt against Muammar Gaddafi’s government that began in February 2011 and developed into an armed conflict. The uprising against Gaddafi opened the sequence of revolt, regime collapse, and postwar fragmentation.
Government of National Accord: A United Nations-backed Libyan executive established under the 2015 Libyan Political Agreement and based in Tripoli. It became the internationally recognized government opposed by eastern-based authorities.
Fayez al-Sarraj: A Libyan politician who chaired the Presidential Council and led the Government of National Accord from 2016 to 2021. He represented the Tripoli-based executive during the conflict and its negotiations.
2020 Libyan ceasefire agreement: An October 2020 agreement between Libya’s rival military representatives that ended major nationwide fighting. It halted the Tripoli campaign and opened negotiations over military reunification.
Second Libyan Civil War: The phase of Libya’s conflict beginning in 2014, marked by rival governments, armed coalitions, and shifting foreign involvement. This name is commonly used for the conflict phase described on this page.
Muammar Gaddafi: Libya’s ruler from 1969 until his overthrow and death during the 2011 uprising. His overthrow removed the central authority that had held Libya’s political system together.
Libyan National Army: A military coalition led by Khalifa Haftar that became the principal armed force of eastern Libya. Its 2019 offensive against Tripoli marked a major escalation in the later war.
Aguila Saleh Issa: A Libyan politician who chaired the House of Representatives based in eastern Libya. His legislature was a central source of rival claims to national legitimacy.
Libyan Political Dialogue Forum: A United Nations-facilitated process that selected a temporary Libyan executive in 2021 and set a path toward elections. Its transition arrangement produced a unified interim government but did not settle disputes over elections.
First Libyan Civil War: The 2011 armed conflict between Gaddafi’s government and forces seeking to overthrow it. Unlike the 2011 revolt, the later conflict pitted rival post-Gaddafi authorities against one another.

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