Liquid oxygen

Liquid oxygen is oxygen cooled below its boiling point of −183 °C at standard pressure. It is a pale-blue cryogenic liquid and a powerful oxidizer used in industry, medicine, and rocket propulsion.

Oxygen: Oxygen is the chemical element with atomic number 8 and a highly reactive diatomic form in Earth’s atmosphere. Cooling molecular oxygen produces this liquid form without changing its chemical identity.
Liquid rocket propellant: A liquid rocket propellant is a liquid fuel, oxidizer, or combination burned to produce thrust. Liquid oxygen is a common rocket oxidizer paired with fuels such as liquid hydrogen or kerosene.
Boiling point: A boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid’s vapor pressure equals the surrounding pressure. At standard pressure, oxygen boils near −183 °C, setting a practical temperature target for liquefaction.
Gaseous oxygen: Gaseous oxygen is oxygen in the gas phase, including the oxygen present in air and supplied from cylinders. Unlike liquid oxygen, it occupies far more volume per unit mass and is stored under pressure or generated on site.
Cryogenic burn: A cryogenic burn is tissue injury caused by contact with extremely cold materials or surfaces. Direct contact with liquid oxygen can rapidly freeze skin and damage eyes.
Cryogenics: Cryogenics is the science and engineering of producing and using very low temperatures. Liquid oxygen’s low boiling point makes cryogenic methods essential to its handling.
Rocket engine: A rocket engine produces thrust by expelling high-speed gas, carrying both fuel and oxidizer when operating in space. Its combustion chamber mixes liquid oxygen with fuel to generate hot exhaust.
Vapor pressure: Vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid. Rising vapor pressure as liquid oxygen warms drives evaporation and affects storage.
Liquid nitrogen: Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen cooled below its boiling point, about −196 °C at standard pressure. It is a similarly cryogenic liquid but does not support combustion as oxygen does.
Oxygen-enriched atmosphere: An oxygen-enriched atmosphere contains more oxygen than ordinary air, increasing the ease and intensity of combustion. Leaks or spills can enrich nearby materials with oxygen and sharply increase fire risk.

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