Long nineteenth century

A historiographical period running from the French Revolution in 1789 to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. It captures political, economic, and social transformations that do not fit neatly within the calendar years 1800–1899.

French Revolution: A revolution beginning in 1789 that overthrew France’s monarchy and transformed its political and social order. Its outbreak marks the period’s conventional opening.
Industrial Revolution: The transition to mechanized production and sustained economic growth that began in Britain in the eighteenth century. Industrialization reshaped societies across the period and beyond.
Unification of Italy: The political process that brought most Italian states together as the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. It exemplifies nationalism’s redrawing of the European state system.
Short twentieth century: A historiographical period commonly dated from the First World War’s outbreak in 1914 to the Soviet Union’s dissolution in 1991. Its 1914 starting point meets the long nineteenth century’s conventional endpoint.
First World War: A global war fought from 1914 to 1918 among the Allied and Central Powers. Its outbreak marks the period’s conventional close.
Nationalism: A political principle that treats a people with shared identity as entitled to political self-determination. National movements helped redraw Europe’s political map during the period.
Unification of Germany: The creation of the German Empire in 1871 through Prussian-led wars and diplomacy. It altered the European balance of power before 1914.
Nineteenth century: The calendar century comprising the years 1801 through 1900. Its dates exclude the revolutions of 1789 and the rupture of 1914.
Eric Hobsbawm: A British Marxist historian known for influential studies of modern European and global history. His book series made the periodization especially influential.
Liberalism: A political tradition emphasizing individual rights, constitutional government, and limits on state power. Liberal ideas shaped revolutions, reforms, and conflicts over political authority.

Linked from 3 pages