Long Parliament

The English Parliament summoned by Charles I in November 1640, which remained active through the English Civil Wars and the Interregnum until its dissolution in 1660.

Triennial Act: A 1641 statute requiring Parliament to meet at least once every three years. It made regular parliamentary sessions harder for Charles I to prevent.
Personal Rule: Charles I’s period of governing England without Parliament from 1629 to 1640. Its end created the need for the Parliament summoned in November 1640.
Execution of Charles I: The public beheading of Charles I outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall on 30 January 1649. The Rump Parliament authorized the trial that led to the king’s execution.
Magna Carta: A 1215 charter that limited royal power and affirmed certain rights for the English barons. Long Parliament arguments drew on older claims that the king was bound by law.
Grand Remonstrance: A 1641 parliamentary statement cataloguing grievances against Charles I’s government. Its narrow passage exposed the deep divisions within the Commons.
Bishops’ Wars: Two conflicts between Charles I and Scottish Covenanters in 1639 and 1640 over royal religious policies in Scotland. The wars forced Charles to seek parliamentary funds after his Personal Rule failed.
Commonwealth of England: The republican government established in England after the monarchy and House of Lords were abolished in 1649. The Long Parliament’s surviving members governed the new republic as the Rump.
Petition of Right: A 1628 statement of constitutional grievances presented by Parliament to Charles I. It challenged taxation and imprisonment without parliamentary consent before the Long Parliament convened.
Militia Ordinance: A 1642 parliamentary ordinance placing England’s militia under officers appointed by Parliament. It asserted control of armed forces without royal assent, escalating the constitutional crisis.
Short Parliament: The English Parliament summoned by Charles I in April 1640 and dissolved after three weeks. Its swift dissolution preceded the Long Parliament and failed to solve the king’s financial crisis.

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