Low-level programming language

A programming language with little abstraction from a computer’s instruction set, allowing direct control over hardware and memory.

Instruction set architecture: The specification of a processor’s instructions, registers, data types, and behavior. Low-level languages are shaped by the instructions and registers this interface exposes.
Assembly language: A human-readable notation for machine instructions, typically specific to a processor architecture. It is the clearest common example of a language closely tied to processor instructions.
Embedded system: A computer integrated into a larger device to perform a dedicated function. Embedded software often uses low-level code to meet strict hardware and resource constraints.
High-level programming language: A programming language that provides substantial abstractions from a computer’s hardware and instruction set. It hides many machine details that low-level languages expose.
Machine code: The binary or encoded instructions a processor executes directly. It is the processor-level form that low-level languages closely represent.
Pointer: A value that identifies the memory location of another value or instruction. Pointers let low-level code refer directly to memory locations.
Device driver: Software that lets an operating system communicate with a hardware device. Drivers use low-level operations to control devices and handle their interfaces.
C (programming language): A general-purpose language that combines portable constructs with explicit memory and machine-level operations. C occupies a middle ground between hardware-oriented code and stronger abstractions.
Memory address: A value identifying a location in a computer’s memory. Directly addressing locations is one way low-level code controls memory.
Bitwise operation: An operation that manipulates individual bits in binary representations. Bitwise operations expose precise control over data representations and hardware flags.

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Programming languageCompared with: It makes hardware details more visible than high-level languages typically do.