Lusitanians

The Lusitanians were an ancient people of western Iberia whose territories included much of modern Portugal. Roman accounts describe their resistance to Roman expansion during the second century BCE.

Lusitania: A Roman province in western Iberia, established under Augustus and named after the Lusitanians. The province later preserved their name, though its boundaries did not simply reproduce their earlier territory.
Lusitanian War: A series of conflicts between Rome and Lusitanian forces in Iberia, conventionally dated to 155–139 BCE. This conflict is the best-documented setting for Lusitanian resistance to Roman rule.
Roman conquest of Hispania: The prolonged Roman military and political expansion across the Iberian Peninsula, beginning in 218 BCE. Lusitanian resistance formed one part of Rome’s wider struggle to control Iberia.
Appian: A Greek historian of the second century CE whose Roman History includes accounts of Rome’s wars in Iberia. His narrative is a major surviving source for the Lusitanian conflict, written centuries after it occurred.
Iberian Peninsula: The southwestern European peninsula containing modern Spain and Portugal. The Lusitanians belonged to the peninsula’s varied pre-Roman peoples.
Viriathus: A Lusitanian leader who fought Roman forces from about 147 to 139 BCE. His leadership made Lusitanian resistance a sustained challenge to Roman armies.
Roman Republic: The Roman state governed by elected magistrates and assemblies from the traditional founding of the Republic until 27 BCE. The republic directed the campaigns and provincial policies that brought Lusitanian territory under Roman control.
Livy: A Roman historian who composed a history of Rome from its origins through the late first century BCE. His lost books are partly recoverable through summaries that mention Roman campaigns in Lusitania.
Celtiberians: Ancient peoples of central and eastern Iberia who combined Celtic and Iberian cultural features. Their neighboring communities show the distinct but interconnected identities of pre-Roman Iberia.
Battle of Tribola: A battle in 147 BCE in which Viriathus’s forces defeated a Roman army in Iberia. The victory marked the emergence of Viriathus as a major Lusitanian commander.

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