M23 rebellion

An armed rebellion in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo led by the M23 movement, active in several periods since 2012. It has centered on territorial control, the protection of Congolese Tutsi communities, and disputes over the implementation of earlier peace agreements.

M23 movement: A Congolese armed movement formed in 2012 by former members of the National Congress for the Defence of the People. It is the organization that launched and led the rebellion.
Second Congo War: A regional war fought in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1998 to 2003, involving neighboring states and numerous armed groups. Its aftermath left eastern Congo with armed networks and regional rivalries that shaped M23’s emergence.
Sultani Makenga: A Congolese military commander who became a leading figure in M23. He commanded M23 forces during the 2012 campaign and later renewed fighting.
Internally displaced persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: People forced to leave their homes by conflict or disaster but who remain within the Democratic Republic of the Congo. M23’s advances have driven repeated displacement in North Kivu.
National Congress for the Defence of the People: A Congolese Tutsi-led armed group that fought the Congolese government before integrating into the national army in 2009. M23 emerged when former members said the government had failed to honor their integration deal.
Laurent Nkunda: A Congolese Tutsi military leader who commanded the National Congress for the Defence of the People before his 2009 arrest in Rwanda. His movement’s fighters and political legacy fed into M23’s origins.
Bertrand Bisimwa: A Congolese political leader who has served as president of M23. He represented the movement in negotiations and articulated its political demands.
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations: The political and security relationship between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. Mutual accusations over M23 have intensified tensions between the two governments.
Goma: The capital of North Kivu province in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, near the Rwandan border. M23’s capture of the city in 2012 made the rebellion a major international crisis.
2009 CNDP–DRC agreement: An agreement that ended the CNDP insurgency and provided for its integration into the Congolese army and state institutions. M23 took its name from the date of this agreement and claimed its terms were breached.

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